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Concrete structures shall conform to Section 51, “Concrete Structures”, of the State

Specifications, and these Specifications.

Work under this Section shall include constructing culverts, headwalls, retaining walls, slabs,

foundations, and similar concrete structures. Concrete pavement, curbs, gutters, sidewalks,

and drainage structures shall be as specified elsewhere in these Specifications.

The elevations of the bottoms of footings shown on the Plans shall be considered as

approximate only and the Agency may order, in writing, such changes in dimensions or

elevations of footings as may be necessary for a satisfactory foundation. Additional structure

excavation and structure backfill resulting from such changes will be measured and paid for as

specified in Section 18-3, “Structure Excavation and Backfill”, of these Specifications.

If the Contractor elects to fabricate materials or do other work prior to the final determination

of footing elevations, the Contractor is responsible for additional costs incurred.

Forms shall be smooth and mortar tight, true to the required lines and grade, and of

sufficient strength and supported in such a manner that no springing out of shape or sagging

occurs between form supports during the placing of concrete. All dirt, chips, sawdust, nails and

other foreign matter shall be completely removed from forms before any concrete is deposited.

Forms shall be thoroughly coated with form oil, which shall be of high penetrating qualities

leaving no film on the surface of the forms that can be absorbed by the concrete.

Forms for all surfaces that will be exposed to view shall be made of surfaced lumber or of

other material that will provide a smooth and satisfactory surface. Lumber which is warped,

badly checked, or contains loose knots or knot holes shall not be used on any surface form.

All sharp edges shall be chamfered with three-quarter inch by three-quarter inch (3/4" x 3/4")

triangular fillets, unless the Plans specify that they not be used. Curved surfaces shall be

formed in a manner that will give accurate and true surfaces. The Agency shall approve the

construction methods of curved forms before such forms are placed.

Forms shall be constructed so that form marks conform to the general lines of the structure.

Only approved form clamps, ties, or bolts shall be used to fasten forms. Twisted wire ties

will not be permitted.

The strength of the forms and the supporting structure for forms are the responsibility of the

Contractor and permission by the Agency to place concrete in forms does not relieve the

Contractor of this responsibility. If sagging or appreciable deflection or movement of the forms

occurs as the concrete is being placed, the Agency may reject the work. Rejected work shall be

removed and replaced at the expense of the Contractor.

30-4 REMOVAL OF FORMS

In general, forms for columns and piers may be removed before those for beams and decks.

Form removal should be based on the resulting effect on the concrete. That is, there must be

no deflection, distortion or damage to the concrete. Supporting forms must not be removed

from beams, floors and walls until they are able to carry their own weight and any approved live

load. Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, no forms shall be removed until at least